Perak

The Colonial Era · Treatise · 17 min read

What Did the Pangkor Treaty Change?

In January 1874, a single word traded away a country—and that word was "advice"

On 20 January 1874, a British warship anchored off the coast of Perak. On its deck, a document was signed. In that document was a sentence stating that the Sultan must ask for and act upon the advice of a Resident in all questions of administration— except for religion and custom. That sentence did not say "cede", it did not say "colonise", nor did it say "protectorate". But starting from that sentence, the sovereignty of the Malay states changed hands, inch by inch.

The Colonial Era · Treatise · 12 min read

The Death of an Englishman

Textbooks say Birch violated Malay custom; but inside that 'custom' lay debt bondage, fugitive slaves, power, and ordinary people's lives

In 1875, J.W.W. Birch, Perak's first British Resident, was killed at Pasir Salak. Malaysian textbooks often frame this as a reaction to his interference with Malay custom, his tax collection, and his heavy-handed administration. None of that is fabricated. But Rafizi Ramli recently urged the public to ask one layer deeper: some of what was called 'custom' at the time was precisely the system of slavery and debt bondage. The British colonisers were no saviours, yet what the local elite stood to lose was not merely dignity — it was their ownership of people.